ETHER AND LIGHT
ABSTRACT

As is known, according to the Electrogravitational Theory (EGT), the following apply:

1. Ether exists in nature, it fillsg up the entire universe and is the absolute reference frame.
2. Ether consists of positive electrins +q^o and negative electrins –q^o.
3. A positve eletrin, +q^o, is the quantum of positive electricity, while a negative electrin -q^o is the quantum of negative electricity.
4. The electric charge of the positive or negative electrin equals (in terms of absolute value) the electric charge of the electron, that is:

5. The positive and negative electrins of Ether obey Coulomb’s law, that is, heteronymic electrins are attracted to one another and homonymic electrins are repelled by one another via electric forces.
6. The positive and negative electrins of Ether are in a constant disorderly motion and the collisions between these electrins are utterly elastic.  
7. The positve electrin +q^o, the negative electrin –q^o and the graviton m^o (which is the quantum of gravity and electrically neutral) are the ultimate elements of matter.
   The entire universe is made up of these three material particles only, i.e. of positive electrins +q^o, negative electrins –q^o and gravitons m^o, and of no other particle. Strings, superstrings, loops, etc, do not exist in the universe. They are concoctions of the mind that bear no relation to natural reality.
8. The gravitons m^o constitute the pure mass of material bodies found in nature.
   They are alwlays attracted to positive electrins +q^o and negative electrins –q^o via electrogravitational forces.
    The gravitons m^o are always attracted to one another via gravitational forces.
9. Electricity (which is made up of positive and negative electins +q^o and -q^o), displays attraction and inertia properties.
   That is, the positive and negative electrins have attraction and inertia properties, and so do gravitons m^o.
10. Finally, according to the Electrogravitational Theory (EGT), relation (14), the  positive and negative electrins of Ether are attracted to celestial bodies (i.e. to the gravitions found within celestial bodies) via electrogravitational forces, and as a result, each celestial body is surrounded by its Etherosphere.
11. The space between celestial bodies which is called “void” is not actually a void but a space highly electrically charged with the  positive and negative electrins of Ether.
12. The positive electins +q^o, the negative electrins -q^o as well as the gravitons m^o, are never converted into energy, nor is energy ever converted into them.
    The positive electrins +q^o, the negative electrins -q^o and the gravitons m^o are never converted into one another and their total number Ν_ο has always been the same since the creation of the universe to this day.
    (For a more detailed discussion of Ether, see the Electrogravitational Theory (EGT) Part Ι, ΙΙ, ΙΙΙ, ΙV, V and video 02 on www.tsolkas.gr).

ETHER BOX

Let us assume that there is a box B which is airtightly closed and filled with ether.
With regard to Ether, we accept the following Principle:
Ether with its positive and negative electrins is an “electric fluid” following the laws of ideal fluids (gases).
In other words, the Ether contained in box B acts like an “electric gas” whose “molecules” are its very positive and negative electrins.
Thus, at a specific temperature T, the positive and negative electrins of Ether contained in box B are in a constant disorderly motion, colliding with one another (elastic collisions) and exerting a pressure P on the boxe’s sidewalls; that is, Ether is a compressible “electric gas”.
Therefore, the Ether contained in box B displays phenomena analogous (not exactly identical) to those observed by classical Physics in fluids, as explained by the Kinetic Theory of Gases.
Since the spase inside box B is electrically neutral, number Ν₁ of positive electrins +q^o is equal to number Ν₂ of negative electrins -q^o:

Ν₁ = Ν₂

Therefore, the total number Ν of positive and negative electrins contained in box B is:

Ν = Ν₁ + Ν₂

Hence, the total electric charge Q (in terms of absolute value) of all positive and negative electrins contained in box B is:

Q = N ^. q^o

Consequently, density ρ of Ether (i.e. the “electric density”) contained in box B is: 

where q^o is the absolute value of the electric charge of the positive or negative electrin and V is the volume of box B.
Note: In general, the density ρ of Ether inside box Β is given by relation (1), where Q = N ^. q^o and Ν = Ν₁ + Ν₂ irrespective of whether:
1) Ν₁ = Ν₂
2) Ν₁ ≠ Ν₂
3) Ν₁ ≠ 0 and Ν₂ = 0
4) Ν₁ = 0 and Ν₂ ≠ 0

THE “PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION”
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

The “principle of distinction” of electromagnetic radiation is a highly important principle of physics and is discussed here below:
The “principle of distinction” of electromagnetic radiation: Each electromagnetic radiation  R_i, (i = 1, 2, 3…) of frequency ν_i which is emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves has it own velocity c_i which is never equal to the velocity of any other electromagnetic radiation, and hence the following relation applies: 

where ν_i is the velocity and λi the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation R_i.

Therefore, according to the “pinciple of distinction”, no radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum ever has the same velocity as the other radiations.
For instance, in the electromagnetic spectrum the red radiation has a velocity c_R which is different from velocity c_B of the blue radiation, that is, c_R ≠ c_B, and so forth as regards the other radiations. 
As it can be observed, the “principle of distinction” of electromagnetic radiation is totally opposite to Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory and the Theory of Relativity, as well, both of which accept the following:
“All electromagnetic radiations emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves have at all times the same velocity, which is equal to the speed of light c”.
In other words, the well-known formula c = ν ^. λ used in physics for electromagnetic waves, where c is the speed of light (c = constant), ν the frequency and λ the wavelength of these electromagnetic waves, is utterly false.

Note: In this paper, the term “light” refers always to “monochromatic light”.
Moreover, since “white light” consists of a multitude R_J (J = 1, 2, 3,…) of electromagnetic radiations, the “white light’s” velocity c_Λ shall be the mean velocity of all electromagnetic radiations R_J (J = 1, 2, 3,…) of which “white light” is made up.

THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Law: For an electromagnetic radiation R_i (i = 1, 2, 3, …), emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves, the following fundamental relation applies:

where , ,  are the velocity, frequency and wavelength of radiation R_i respectively.

More specifically, the following apply:

Α. In the absence of a gravitationl field:

a) When frequency ν_i increases, velocity c_i increases also and wavelength λ_i diminishes.
b) When frequency ν_i diminishes, velocity c_i diminishes also and wavelength λ_i increases.

  Reversely:

c) When velocity c_i increases, frequency ν_i increases also and wavelength λ_i diminishes.
d) When velocity c_i diminishes, frequency ν_i diminishes also and wavelength λ_i increases.

Β. In the presence of a gravitationl field:

a) When frequency ν_i increases, velocity c_i diminishes and wavelength λ_i diminishes, as well.
b) When frequency ν_i diminishes, velocity c_i increases and wavelength λ_i increases, as well.

  Reversely:

c) When velocity c_i increases, frequency ν_i diminishes and wavelength λ_i increases.
d) When velocity c_i diminishes, frequency ν_i increases and wavelength λ_i diminishes.

Consequently, according to law (Α) mentioned above, in the electromagnetic spectrum, velocity c_R of the red radiation is less than velocity c_B of the blue radiation, i.e. c_R < c_B. 
Apparently, because difference Δ

Δ = c_B – c_R > 0

is a very minor one (Δ≈0), it is difficult to identify it experimentally. 
So the main purpose of experiments A and B described below is to identify and calculate the velocity difference Δ between the various types of radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Notable Remark

Given that for all radiation pairs in the electromagnetic spectrum the velocity difference Δ between the various radiations is a very minor one (Δ≈0), in many cases (for the sake of simplification in our calculations) we can employ by very close approximation Fresnel’s law (amended) without including the frequency ν of the electromagnetic radiation under discussion, i.e. we can use the following formula:

Where: Ε is the modulus of elasticity of Ether (which is unchangeable relative to time and space).
           ρ is the density (electric density) of Ether in which light is propagated.
           k is a constant which is dependent on the units we use, and
           c is the velocity of the electromagnetic radiation under discussion (e.g. a monochromatic light). 

Example

According to the above fundamental law, shortwaves (ν=10⁷Hz), for instance, have a velocity c₁ which is less than the velocity c₂ of microwaves (ν=10¹²Hz), i.e. c₁ < c₂, and so forth for other pairs of electromagnetic waves.

NOTE: The experimental verification of the fundamental law of electromagnetic waves referred to above is achieved:
1) By conducting experiment Α which we will elaborate below, i.e. by means of electromagnetic radiation propagated within a refractive medium, e.g. water, and
2) By conducting experiment Β which we will elaborate below, i.e. by means of electromagnetic radiation propagated within Ether, e.g. close to the surface of the Earth.

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
OF THE «PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION»
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

EXPERIMENT A

Let us assume, Fig. 1, that we have a sealed glass vessel D_o, of length L, filled with water. On wall AB we place three light sources S₁, S₂, S₃ of monochrome Laser beams.

Fig. 1

Specifically, light source S₁ is a red monochrome Laser, S₂ is a green monochrome Laser, and S₃ is a purple monochrome Laser. Also, on the opposite wall CD of the vessel D_o, we place three receivers (e.g. chronometers) D₁, D₂, D₃. Finally, we fix vessel D_o to the Earth, on two vertical posts of height h_o.

Performing the experiment

Let us assume now that ρ_Ε is the density of the Earth’s Etherosphere near its surface, and ρ is the density of the Ether within vessel D_o.
According to E.G.T., ρ > ρ_Ε.
We now emit simultaneously three Laser beams L₁, L₂, L₃ from light sources S₁, S₂, S₃. According to E.G.T., these three Laser beams L₁, L₂, L₃ will travel the length L of vessel D_o and reach receivers D₁, D₂, D₃, respectively, at different times t₁, t₂, t₃, i.e.:

t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃ (5)

The difference in the time readings that appear in relation (5), taken by the receivers D₁, D₂, D₃, is obviously consistent with the «principle of distinction» of electromagnetic radiation, as above, because:
Each radiation of the Laser beams L₁, L₂, L₃ has a different velocity c₁, c₂, c₃ within the Ether of vessel D_o, i.e. c₁ ≠c₂ ≠c₃, and since they have a different velocity c₁ ≠c₂ ≠c₃, they travel the length L at different times t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃ , respectively, i.e.:

Therefore, by performing experiment A, as described above, we may verify whether or not the «principle of distinction» of electromagnetic radiation is correct.
Note: Since it has been experimentally proven that different radiations have different velocities through a refractive medium (e.g. water), we may verify the «principle of distinction» though experiment A, without actually performing experiment A.
Therefore, experiment A proves the «principle of distinction» of electromagnetic radiation.
Specifically, in our experiment, we have c₁ < c₂ < c₃, and, based on relations (6), t₁> t₂ > t₃. As we can see, the arrival times t₁, t₂, t₃ of the beams L₁, L₂, L₃ at the receivers D₁, D₂, D₃ are inversely proportional to the frequencies ν₁, ν₂, ν₃ of the radiation of the beams L₁, L₂, L₃, Fig. 1.

EXPERIMENT Β

Let us assume, Fig. 2, that we have two vertical posts Α_ο and Β_ο of a height h_o, which are fixed to the surface of the Earth.

Fig. 2

These two posts Α_ο and Β_ο are placed at a large distance L from one another. On post Α_ο we place three transmitters S₁, S₂, S₃ of electromagnetic waves.
Specifically, transmitter S₁ emits short waves with a frequency of ν₁. Transmitter S₂ emits microwaves with a frequency of ν₂, and transmitter S₃ emits, for example, a monochrome red Laser, with a frequency of ν₃. In which case ν₁< ν₂ < ν₃.
In addition, on the opposite post B_o we place three receivers (e.g. chronometers) D₁, D₂, D₃.

Performing the experiment

Let us assume now that ρ_Ε is the density of the Earth’s Etherosphere near its surface, and ρ_U is the density of the Ether of the universe outside the Earth’s Etherosphere.
According to E.G.T., ρ_Ε > ρ_U.
We now emit simultaneously from transmitters S₁, S₂, S₃ three beams of electromagnetic waves, i.e. L₁, L₂, L₃. According to E.G.T., these three beams L₁, L₂, L₃ will travel the length L and reach receivers D₁, D₂, D₃, respectively, at different times t₁, t₂, t₃, i.e.:

t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃ (7)

These times t₁, t₂, t₃ of relation (7) are taken by the receivers (chronometers) D₁, D₂, D₃, and they are:

The times t₁, t₂, t₃ of relation (8) are different (t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃), because, according to the «principle of distinction», the velocity c₁ of the short waves of transmitter S₁, the velocity c₂ of the microwaves of transmitter S₂ and the velocity c₃ of the Laser beam of transmitter S₃, are different to one another, i.e.:

c₁ ≠c₂ ≠c₃ (9)

Conversely, now, according to Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory and the Theory of Relativity, the times t₁, t₂, t₃ of relation (8) should be equal, i.e. t₁ = t₂ = t₃, because:
According to the above theories, the velocity of all electromagnetic radiations (short waves, microwaves, visible light, etc) is always equal to the speed of light c, therefore, in relation (8), c₁=c₂=c₃ and, subsequently, times t₁, t₂, t₃ of relation (8) should be t₁ = t₂ = t₃, if the above two theories are to be believed.
Thus, a critical question comes up through the performance of experiment B:
Will the beams L₁, L₂, L₃ reach receivers D₁, D₂, D₃ at different times t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃, as supported by E.G.T. in accordance with the «principle of distinction», or will they arrive at the same time, t₁ = t₂ = t₃, as put forward by Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity?
Clearly, this question can only be answered by performing experiment B.
Experiment B is a simple experiment that can easily be performed by various Universities, Physics Laboratories, etc.
It is plain to see that experiment B is of great importance for Physics, because:
If, by performing experiment B, we prove that the times t₁, t₂, t₃ are not equal, i.e. t₁ ≠ t₂ ≠ t₃,  then, without a doubt, Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory will need to be revised (in accordance with the «principle of distinction» of electromagnetic radiation, as described above), and the Theory of Relativity will need to be rejected, as a whole. 
Note: Since Ether is a refractive medium that fills up the entire universe, then, in experiment B (as in experiment A), c₁<c₂<c₃ will also apply, and, based on relations (8), t₁ > t₂ > t_3.
As we can see, the arrival times t₁, t₂, t₃ of electromagnetic waves L₁, L₂, L₃ at the receivers D₁, D₂, D₃ are inversely proportional to the frequencies ν₁, ν₂, ν₃ (ν₁ < ν₂ < ν₃)  of these electromagnetic waves L₁, L₂, L₃,  Fig. 2.
Simply put, in our experiment, electromagnetic waves with a lower frequency reach the post Β_ο later than electromagnetic waves with a higher frequency.
This phenomenon can be observed in the universe, in the case of a star (explosion, collapse, emission of radiation, etc), where all radiations emitted by this star reach the Earth at different times.

Ι. THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
IN STRONG ELECTRIC FIELDS

EXPERIMENT

The purpose of the experiment we will describe below is to prove that within strong electric fields, light beams (and electromagnetic waves, in general):
1. Curve
2. Become displaced (drift), and
3. Are reflected.

Performing the experiment

Let us assume, fig. 3, that we have a metal sphere S, with a radius r (e.g. r = 0.25 m), which revolves around a horizontal axis, which passes through its centre C.

Fig. 3

Specifically, the axis of revolution of the sphere S is placed and revolves on top of two vertical posts of a height h_o (e.g. h_o = 2m).
These two posts h_o are fixed to the Earth and located at a distance D_o (e.g. D_o = 4m) from one another. The revolution of the axis of sphere S may be achieved by connecting it to an internal combustion engine, an electric motor or a gas turbine engine.
Also, at a distance of l (e.g. l = 5m) from the centre C of the sphere S is a vertical post of a height h.
At a point G of post h there is a light source S_o, which emits a laser beams. The Laser beam L₁, which is emitted by the light source S_o passes at a small distance d (e.g. d < 1 cm) from the surface of sphere S. Also, at a large distance L (e.g. L = 300m), is a vertical screen D, which is fixed to the Earth.
Note: The Laser beam L₁ the centre C of sphere S and pole h, are on the same vertical level.
After what we described above, we will now conduct our experiment in four phases (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, Phase IV), as follows:

Phase I: Let us assume, fig. 3, that the metal sphere S is electrically neutral (+Q = 0) and does not revolve around its axis (angular velocity ω = 0). From the light source S_o we emit a Laser beam L₁.
In this case, the Laser beam L₁ will travel in a straight line and reach a point Α_ο on the screen D.

Phase II: During this phase, sphere S is immobile (ω = 0) and we charge it with a strong electric charge +Q (+Q ≠ 0).
In accordance with E.G.T., in this case the electrically charged sphere S will attract the negative and repel the positive electrins of Ether.
This way, the Etherosphere E_S forms around the electrically charged sphere S, which has a radius R and consists of negative Ether electrins.
Next, we emit a Laser beam L₁ from light source S_o, aiming for point Α_ο on the screen D.
Thus, the Laser beam L₁, after reaching point P on the external surface of the Etherosphere E_S, it will meet increasingly dense layers of Ether as it travels through the Etherosphere E_S, and, as a result, will travel in a curved line C₁ from the point of entry P, to the point of exit Β₁.
Note: If the density ρ_S of the Etherosphere Ε_S is taken as constant, then the curve C₁ will obviously be a straight line.
Next, the Laser beam L₁, exiting from point Β₁, will follow a straight course Β₁Α₁ and reach point Α₁ on the screen D.
Obviously, point Α₁ is below point Α_ο and at a distance of (Α_οΑ₁) = a from the latter. This, of course, occurs because of the curving of the Laser beam L₁ as it passes through the Etherosphere E_S of the electrically charged sphere S.
Note: For the sake of simplicity, if we assume that the density ρ_S of the Etherosphere Ε_S is constant, and that the density ρ_Ε of the Etherosphere E of the Earth is also constant, as is the density ρ_U of the motionless Ether of the universe (away from gravitational fields), then the following relation will apply:

ρ_U < ρ_Ε < ρ_S (10)

As can be observed during phase II, the curving C₁ of the Laser beam L₁ is purely a phenomenon of “Ether refraction”, because the Laser beam L₁ travels from a less dense medium (such as the Etherosphere E of the Earth, whose density is ρ_Ε) to a more dense medium (such as the Etherosphere E_S of the electrically-charged sphere S, whose density is ρ_S), where ρ_Ε < ρ_S in accordance with relation (10), above.
Simply put, during phase II the electrically charged sphere S, with its Etherosphere Ε_S, behaves like a spherical “Ether lens”, which causes the Laser beam L₁ to curve (in other words, to refract).

Phase III: During this phase, we repeat the same actions described in phase II, and revolve the electrically charged sphere S at a high angular velocity ω (ω ≠ 0).
In this case (according to E.G.T.), the electrically charged sphere S and its Etherosphere E_S will revolve as one, at the same angular velocity ω.
Thus, in Phase III (the time t taken for Laser beam L₁ to travel the curve C₁ of Phase II), in this time t, the point of exit Β₁ of the Laser beam L₁ of Phase II, has moved to point Β₂, in relation to the reference frame of the Earth, where:

and, therefore, in Phase III, the Laser beam L₁ will exit at point Β₂. Then, the Laser beam L₁ will travel along a straight line Β₂Α₂ and reach point Α₂ on the screen D. Obviously, point Α₂ is below point Α₁ and at a distance of (Α₁Α₂) = b from the latter, because of the revolution of the Etherosphere Ε_S of the electrically-charged sphere S.
Also, if we were to revolve the sphere in the opposite direction and at an angular velocity of –ω, then point Α₂ will move upwards, to another point Α₂΄, where Α₂ ≠ Α₂΄.
As observed during Phase II of our experiment, the Laser beam L₁ moves (drifts) along with the revolving Etherosphere Ε_S of the electrically charged sphere S.
Note: Given that the Etherosphere E_S is within the Etherosphere E of the Earth, and that the Etherosphere E of the Earth is within the motionless Ether of the universe, in phase III the Laser beam L₁ reaches the point Α₂ with a velocity of c (c=3000.000 Km/s).
Simply put, the revolution of Etherosphere Ε_S at an angular velocity of ω does not increase the speed of light c at the point Α₂ on screen D.

Phase IV: During this phase, sphere S is electrically charged by the electric charge +Q (+Q ≠ 0), but the sphere S is not revolving  (ω = 0).
Then, we raise the light source S_o to a height h₁, in such a way that the angle of incidence φ of the Laser beam L₁ on the Etherosphere E_S will be very small (e.g. from 1^ο to 10^ο).
In this case, the Laser beam L₁ will travel (by great approximation) a straight course c₃ and reach point Α₃ on screen D.
Then, from the light source S_o (and aiming, always, for point Α₃), we radiate at intervals (e.g. every 5 mins) beams of electromagnetic waves with an ever-increasing wavelength, i.e.:

λ₁ < λ₂ < λ₃ < … < λ_k < λ_k+1 < λ_k+2 < … (12)

Then, for a beam of electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of λ_k, this electromagnetic beam (with a wavelength of λ_k) will be wholly reflected by the Etherosphere Ε_S of the electrically charged sphere S and then continue its course through space.
As observed during Phase IV of our experiment, for small angles of incidence φ and high wavelengths λ of the electromagnetic waves, we have the phenomenon of total reflection of these electromagnetic waves by the Etherosphere E_S of the electrically charged sphere S.
Those are, therefore, the four basic phases (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, Phase IV) of performing our experiment.
As observed, the experiment described above is a very important experiment of Physics, which may be easily performed by various Universities, Physics Labs, etc,
After what we discussed above, we now come to following basic conclusion.

Conclusion

Light beams (and electromagnetic waves, in general) within strong electrical fields, have the following properties:
1) To curve (Phase II).
2) To become displaced (drift) (Phase III), and
3) To be wholly reflected, (Phase IV).

A notable observation

The above conclusion is of great importance in Physics, because:
Let’s take, for example, the case of phase III of fig. 3. In this case, the metal sphere S, which bears an electric charge +Q and revolves around its axis at a constant angular velocity ω, can never:

1) Revolve the vacant space that surrounds its around its axis of revolution (because vacant space never revolves), or
2) Revolve the electric field that creates the electric charge +Q around its axis of revolution (because an electric field never revolves along with an electrically charged body, i.e. the sphere S).
Therefore, the curving (refraction) and displacement of the light beam L₁, in the case of Phase III, can only be explained if we accept that there is a certain “substance” interacting with the electrically-charged sphere S and follows (this “substance”) the revolution of sphere S around its axis.
Subsequently, this “substance” can only be Ether, with its positive and negative electrins, as described in detail in E.G.T.

I. THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
WITHIN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS

Let us assume, fig. 4, that we have a cylindrical axis ΑΑ΄, with a radius of r and a length of D_o, which is made of a high resistance plastic material.

Fig. 4

Onto the axis ΑΑ΄ we fix two identical solid cylinders Κ₁ and Κ₂, which are made of soft iron and have a radius of R and a width of d₁. The two cylinders Κ₁ and Κ₂ are placed at a distance of d_o from one another.
We now wrap the two cylinders Κ₁ and Κ₂ into conductors b, through which runs a continuous electric current of high intensity i.
This way, the two cylinders Κ₁ and Κ₂ become electromagnets, and a strong magnetic field B, which is cylindrical, is created between the two.
Also, axis ΑΑ΄ is placed horizontally on top of posts h_o (fig. 4), and revolves at a high angular velocity ω.
In accordance with E.G.T., inside the magnetic field B that exists between the two electromagnets Κ₁ and Κ₂, the density ρ_Μ of Ether is greater than the density ρ_Ε of the Etherosphere E of the Earth, and the density ρ_U of the motionless Ether of the Universe, thus:

ρ_Μ > ρ_Ε > ρ_U   (13)

In the experiment of Fig. 3, we keep our experimental setup as is, and simply replace the rotating sphere S with the revolving electromagnets Κ₁ and Κ₂ of fig. 4.
We now perform our experiment (exactly as we performed the experiment of Fig. 3), by directing the Laser beam L₁ of the light source S_o through the magnetic field B of the two electromagnets Κ₁ and Κ₂, Fig. 4, and vertically in relation to axis ΑΑ΄.
The experiment is performed in four phases (Phase I, Phase II, Phase III, Phase IV), as follows:

As observed in Fig. 4, the Etherosphere E_S of Fig. 3 has been replaced in this experiment by the cylindrical magnetic field B, which is created between the two electromagnets Κ₁ and Κ₂.
By performing our experiment in the four phases described above, we will observe that:
In Phase Ι, light is propagated in a straight line.
In Phase II, light curves (refracts) inside the cylindrical magnetic field Β.
In Phase III, light curves (refracts) while also being displaced (drifts) by the revolving cylindrical magnetic field Β, and
In Phase IV, light is wholly reflected by the cylindrical magnetic field Β.
In other words, during the performance of our experiment with the cylindrical magnetic field Β of the two electromagnets Κ₁ and Κ₂ of Fig. 4, exactly the same things occur as with the electrically charged sphere S of the experiment of Fig. 3.
After what we described above, we now come to the following basic conclusion.

Conclusion

Light beams (and electromagnetic waves, in general) within strong magnetic fields, Fig. 4, have the following properties:
1) To curve (Phase II).
2) To become displaced (drift) (Phase III), and
3) To be wholly reflected, (Phase IV).

II. THE PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
WITHIN STRONG GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

EXPERIMENT

Let us assume, Fig. 5(a), that we have a celestial body of a large mass M, e.g. a white dwarf.

Fig. 5

According to the fundamental law of E.G.T.:

where τ_ο = the Electrogravitational constant
         q_o = the absolute value of the electric charge of the positive or negative
                   electrins, q^o = 1,6 ^. 10^-19 Cb
         Μ_ο = the pure mass of the white dwarf (which is the result of gravitons that exist
                   within the mass M of the white dwarf)
           r = the distance of a positive or negative electrin from the centre of mass M
the following will apply:
The mass M of the white dwarf attracts, by Electrogravitational forces, the positive and negative Ether electrins of the Universe, forming around the white dwarf, as a result, an Etherosphere Ε_W, which consists of positive and negative Ether electrins.
Let us assume now that the density of the Etherosphere E_W at the surface of the white dwarf is ρ_ο and that the Etherosphere E_W stretches out to a height H from the surface of the white dwarf.
In this case (according to E.G.T.), the density ρ of the Etherosphere E_W of the white dwarf at a height H from its surface is:

where, k = constant (k > 0).
Thus, from relation (15), we have ρ_ο > ρ.
Let us assume now, Fig. 5(a), that on the surface of the white dwarf is a light source S_o, which emits, vertically and upwards, a light beam L₁.
In this case (according to E.G.T.), the initial velocity c_o at which light is emitted upwards from the surface of the white dwarf is lower than the speed of light c (c = 300.000 Km/s), i.e. c_o < c.
When, however, the light beam L₁ moves away from the surface of the white dwarf then, as the density of the Etherosphere E_W decreases (relation (15)), the speed of light c₁, c₂, c₃, …  of the light beam L₁ increases, in accordance with fundamental law (4). In other words, the light accelerates until it reaches the edge of the Etherosphere E_W, i.e. height H.
Next, the light beam L₁, after exiting the Etherosphere E_W of the white dwarf, will continue to travel through the motionless Ether of the universe at a constant velocity c = 300.000 Km/s because the density ρ_U of the Ether of the universe is considered constant (law 4).
Therefore, in Fig. 5(a):

Now, in reverse:
In Fig. 5(b), we assume that the light source S_o is in space and outside of the Etherosphere Ε_W of the white dwarf, and we direct the light beam L₁ towards the centre of the mass M of the white dwarf.
In this case, the velocity at which the light is emitted from the light source S_o is c = 300.000 km/s. Then, the light beam L₁, after entering the Etherosphere E_W of the white dwarf, will meet on its course increasingly dense layers of the Etherosphere E_W.
This results in the speed of light of the light beam L₁ decreasing, in accordance with fundamental law (4). In other words, the light will decelerate until it meets the surface of the white dwarf, whereupon the speed of light of the light beam L₁ will be c_o. Thus, the following will apply to the case of Fig. 5(b) in terms of the velocity of the light beam:

c = 300.000 km/s > c₁ > c₂ > c₃ > c_o (17)

As observed, the case of Fig. 5(b) is exactly the reverse of the case of Fig. 5(a).
After what we discussed above, we now come to the following basic conclusion:

Conclusion

In a very large mass M, which creates a very strong gravitational field around itself, light (through the Etherosphere of mass M) has the fundamental property of accelerating when it moves away from mass M, Fig. 5(a), and, conversely, decelerating when it moves towards mass M, Fig. 5(b).

A notable observation

In relation (14), the way the value of the Electrogravitational constant τ_ο and the value of the pure mass Μ_ο are calculated, is a very interesting topic for theoretical and experimental research by natural scientists. One experimental method for calculating the pure mass m_o of a Newtonian mass m_u of a body, as well as the constants G_o, τ_ο, μ_ο, k_ο of E.G.T., is to use Cavendish’s scales (see E.G.T., Part I, at www.tsolkas.gr).
ATTENTION!!! In E.G.T., for the sake of simplifying calculations, all natural sizes, e.g. pure mass m_o, Newtonian mass m_u , the electric charge  and, obviously, all constants G_o, τ_ο, μ_ο, k_ο refer to, e.g., the CGS unit system, where:
1) Time t is measured in sec
2) Length l is measured in cm
3) Pure mass m_o and Newtonian mass m_u are measured in gr, and
4) Electrical charge q is measured in electrostatic units of charge (esu).

THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

According to E.G.T., the basic properties of light are:

1. The speed of light (c = 300.000 Km/s) is not a fundamental constant of physics (c = 300.000 Km/s), as mistakenly put forward by the Theory of Relativity. In fact, the speed of light c in the universe is variable and depends on:
   a) The observers, whether they are in motion or motionless.
   b) The density ρ of Ether, through which light is propagated, relation (4), and
   c) The frequency v of the emitted radiation (“The principle of distinction” of electromagnetic radiation), relation (3).
2. The density ρ of Ether, within strong electric, magnetic and gravitational fields, is always greater that the density ρ_U of the motionless Ether of the universe, ρ > ρ_U.
Therefore (according to law (4)), the speed of light within strong electric, magnetic and gravitational fields is always lesser than the speed of light c (c = 300.000 Km/s), which light takes on within the motionless Ether of the universe.
3. The speed of light is constant and equal to c = 300.000 Km/s only when light is propagated away from electric, magnetic and gravitational fields, where the density ρ_U of the motionless Ether of the universe is constant (ρ_U = constant), in accordance with law (4).
4. Light within strong electric, magnetic and gravitational fields, has the following properties:
   a) To curve (refract)
   b) To become displaced (drift), and
   c) To be wholly reflected.
5. Light has the fundamental property to accelerate or decelerate, within strong gravitational fields (e.g. white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, etc), Fig. 5.
6. Within material bodies (e.g. in water), the density ρ of Ether is greater than the density ρ_U of the motionless Ether of the universe (ρ > ρ_U). This (according to law (4)) results in the speed of light c₁ within these material bodies being lesser that the speed c that light takes on within the motionless Ether of the universe, i.e. c₁ < c = 300.000 Km/s.

ELECTROGRAVITATIONAL THEORY (E.G.T.)
AND THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY

It is a well-known fact that E.G.T. and the Theory of Relativity are two totally opposite Theories of Physics. Therefore:

1. The phenomenon of curvature of light beams passing close to strong gravitational fields is not due to the curvature of space-time around these celestial bodies, as the Theory of Relativity mistakenly claims. The curvature of light beams (which does, indeed, exist in nature) is an “Ether refraction” of light beams, which pass through the Etherosphere of these celestial bodies (as described previously). Subsequently, the curvature of light beams reinforces the view that Ether exists in Nature, according to E.G.T.
Thus, for the sake of greater accuracy in our measurements, since (as described previously) light is displaced (drifts) by large, revolving masses, this means that:
In the well-know experiment of the curvature of light beams by the Sun (performed by Eddington in 1919), we need to also take into account the revolution of the Sun around its axis, in accordance with the rationale of Phase III of Fig. 3, where the sphere S is obviously replaced by the revolving mass of the Sun.
2. Also, the Red – Shift phenomenon (which does indeed exist in nature) is not due to the “equivalence principle” of the General Theory of Relativity, as Einstein mistakenly claims.
 This phenomenon is due exclusively to the acceleration of light that is emitted upwards from the surface of the Earth, in accordance with Fig. 5(a). See the fundamental law of electromagnetic waves (b), cited above.
 Note: For details on the phenomenon of the curvature of light beams, as well as the Red – Shift phenomenon, please refer to E.G.T. Part III and video 02 on www.tsolkas.gr.

A notable observation

Following what we described above, it is plain to see that E.G.T. and the Theory of Relativity interpret the above two phenomena (1) and (2) in totally different ways.
The question, however, that emerges now is this: Which of these two Theories is correct, E.G.T. or the Theory of Relativity?
The answer to the above question is very simple, and provided by the (19+) experiments proposed on www.tsolkas.gr.
In particular:
a) By performing two simple experiments, (18) and (19), and with very little expense, we can prove, beyond doubt, that the Theory of Relativity is completely false.
b) By performing experiment (14), also very simple and requiring no expense whatsoever, we can prove, theoretically, that the General Theory of Relativity is completely false.

Therefore, there is no need for costly experiments and complex reasoning in order to prove that the Theory of Relativity is a completely false theory of Physics.
Unfortunately, today’s “great” Physicists either cannot or do not want to understand this “simple fact”.
So what is going on?
Could it be that contemporary Physics is controlled and guided by an invisible “clergy”, a modern-day “Holy Inquisition” (an establishment of Physics) and they cannot see those clear and simple “things” described on www.tsolkas.gr?

COSMOLOGY

It is clear that E.G.T. changes many of the facts of Cosmology, as we understand it so far, because:

1. What applies to the acceleration or deceleration of light in the case, e.g. of a white dwarf of mass M, Fig. 5, also applies to a black home of mass M.
I.e. through the very dense Etherosphere E_b of a black hole, light accelerates when it travels away from the black hole, and, conversely, light decelerates when it travels towards the black hole.
Conversely, material bodies accelerate as they travel towards the black hole and decelerate as they travel away from it.
Clearly, the above conclusion is totally opposite to what is widely accepted by contemporary Physics and, in particular, the General Theory of Relativity, wit regards to black holes.
2. In the first few moments of the Big Bang, since the universe took up a very small space, the density ρ_U of the Ether of the universe was very high.
Subsequently, the speed of light c_o in the first few moments after the Big Bang was much lower than the speed of light c (c = 300.000 Km/s) that we know today, i.e. c_o < c.
With the passage of time, however, the universe began to expand and take up more space. This resulted in the density ρ_U of the Ether of the universe becoming lower, as time passed.
Subsequently, the speed of light (see law (4)) increased with time, from the moment t_o of the Big Bang.
Simply put, the speed of light c is a function of the time t that has passed from the moment t_o of the Big Bang, i.e.:

Thus, the speed of light was at its minimum at the moment t_o of the Big Bang, and its speed increased continuously with the passage of time.
Therefore, the speed of light c in space and time is variable, and it is not a natural constant c (c = 300.000 Km/s), as Einstein mistakenly claims.
3. The well-known “background radiation” of Penzias and Wilson is nothing more than electromagnetic waves propagated through the Ether of the universe, which blew up during the moment t_o of the Big Bang and now fills the entire space of the universe homogenously.
Therefore, “background radiation” is indisputable proof of the existence of Ether in the universe.
4. Since Ether fills up the whole of the universe and interacts with the various celestial bodies by means of Electrogravitational forces, this results in:
The movements of large masses in the universe (e.g. galaxies, galaxy clusters, etc) being affected by:
 a) the Ether that exists in the universe, and
 b) the constant of universal attraction G.

A notable observation

According to E.G.T., the constant of universal attraction G is not a constant of Physics, as Newton mistakenly claims in the law of universal attraction. In this case, Newton is wrong.
Conversely, the constant of universal attraction is a relative size, which depends of the material composition of the bodies attracted to one another.
(See E.G.T., Part Ι, relations (44), (45), (46) on www.tsolkas.gr).
5. At this point, we need to stress that:
What contemporary Physics terms “dark matter” is none other than Ether with its positive and negative electrins, which fills up the whole of the universe.
In addition, what contemporary Physics terms “dark energy” is none other than the energy of the positive and negative electrins of Ether.

Finally, what we mentioned above are a few of the conclusions of “New Cosmology”, in accordance with E.G.T.

THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF THE NON-CONSTANCY
OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT

Let us assume, Fig. 6, that at the moment t_o of the Big Bang, the whole of the universe was concentrated in a very small sphere S_o of radius r_o.

BIG - BANG
Fig. 6

According to E.G.T. (See E.G.T., Part I, at www.tsolkas.gr), all the positive and negative electrins and all the gravitons of the universe (in free form) were concentrated in this small sphere S_o.
Also, as is well known (according to E.G.T.), the free positive and negative electrins of the universe make up Ether, i.e. the medium for the propagation of light. Thus, the primordial sphere S_o consisted of Ether (i.e. of free positive and negative electrins) and free gravitons.
After the Big Bang, the universe (the primordial sphere S_o) began to expand at a velocity V in all directions.
During this phase, when the universe (i.e. sphere S_o) expanded, a large number of positive and negative electrins bound to all the gravitons that existed in sphere S_o and formed, that way, all the celestial bodies known to us today (planets, stars, galaxies, etc).
The positive and negative electrins that remained (after binding to the gravitons) now exist in free form in the universe, and make up the well-known Ether of the universe.
Thus, within the primordial sphere S_o, the speed of light c_o (according to law (4) mentioned above), was:

where, ρ_ο was the density of Ether within the sphere S_o.
Let us assume now that, at a time t after the moment t_o of the Big Bang, the expanding universe was a sphere with a radius R, ( R>>r_o).
Assumptions: Assuming in Fig. 6 that:
1) The universe is expanding (by very close approximation) at the same constant velocity V in all directions, and
2) Fresnel’s amended formula (4) applies (by very close approximation) when the whole universe was concentrated within sphere S_o of radius r_o, and when the expanding universe is concentrated within a sphere S of radius R, then we will have:
 In accordance with the above two assumptions (1) and (2), the speed of light through the Ether of sphere S with radius R, is:

where ρ is the density of Ether within sphere S.
From relations (20) and (19), we have:

But since (in absolute terms) the total electric charge Q of all free positive and negative electrins of Ether, within sphere S_o was:

then, within sphere S, after the Big Bang, the total (in absolute terms) electric charge Q΄ of the free positive and negative electrins that comprise Ether is:

Given, however, that a very small percentage of Ether (i.e. the free positive and negative electrins) that existed in sphere S_o bound with all the free gravitons (that existed within sphere S_o) and thus formed the visible matter of the universe, as we know it today (e.g. planets, stars, galaxies, etc), then, by very close approximation, we have:

Q = Q΄ (24)

Therefore, relations (24), (23) and (22) yield:

Subsequently, relations (25) and (21) yield:

But because:

relations (27) and (26) yield:

In relation (28), given that:

where, in relation (29), the constant Α will be termed the first cosmological constant.
Relation (29) is the fundamental law of the non-constancy of the speed of light.
As we can see, law (29) tells us that:
Law: The speed of light c is not a natural constant, as mistakenly claimed by the Theory
         of Relativity and contemporary Physics.
         Conversely, the speed of light c in the universe is variable and, specifically,
         a function of the time t that has passed since the moment t_o of the Big Bang,
         relation (29).
In other words, as we can see, according to law (29), the speed of light c increases with the passage of time, as the universe expands. In short, and on the basis of law (29), the speed of light c₁ one (1) billion years ago, for example, was lower than the speed of light c today, which is c = 300.000 Km/s, i.e. c₁ < c.
Based, therefore, on fundamental law (29), we come to the following conclusion:

Conclusion

1. Any theory of Physics that, in its axiomatic foundation, accepts the constancy of the speed of light c as an axiom (such as, e.g., the Special Theory of Relativity) is a false Theory of Physics.
2. If the mathematical formula of any law of Physics includes the speed of light c, then that law is unchangeable (quantitatively) through time but, quite the opposite, it is variable (quantitatively) and always a function of the time t that has passed since the moment t_o of the Big Bang.
Therefore, for example, the mathematical formula:

which includes the speed of light c (for ν = constant), will yield a different result now, for the wavelength λ to the result it will yield in, for example, one (1) billion years from now.

Example
(of the non-constancy of the speed of light)

Let us assume that t = 15 billion years (1,5 ^. 10¹⁰ years) have passed from the moment t_o of the Big Bang, and the speed of light today is c₁ = 300.000 Km/s 3 ^. 10⁵ Km/s.
The question is:
What will the speed of light be 50,000 years from today?

SOLUTION

According to fundamental law (29) of the speed of light, today, i.e. 1,5 ^. 10¹⁰ years after the moment t_o of the Big Bang, the speed of light c₁ is:

Also, 50,000 years from today, the speed of light c₂ will be:

Relations (31) and (30) yield:

Given, however, that according to the facts of the example, the speed of light today is c₁ = 300.000 Km/s, relation (32) yields:

Subsequently, as demonstrated by relation (33), the speed of light 50,000 years from today will have increased by 1,5 Km/s, compared to the speed of light today, which is c₁ = 300.000 Km/s.
Also, by applying the same rationale as above, we find that:
1. 1,000 years from today, in the year 3009, the speed of light will have increased by 0.02 Km/s, or by 20 m/s, compared to the speed of light today, which is c₁ = 300.000 Km/s.
2. Finally, it is possible to work out the speed of light in, e.g. 500, 100, etc years from today, by the same method.

EPILOGUE

To sum up, everything we looked at during this project leads to the following conclusions:

1. Classical Physics has obviously failed to explain to conclusions cited in this project.
2. Based on the conclusions of this project, the Theory of Relativity must be deemed a totally false theory of Physics.
3. As we can see, the conclusions of this project have huge consequences for Physics (e.g. Theoretical Physics, Astrophysics, Cosmology, etc), as we know it. Therefore, several conclusions of the above sciences, which are currently considered valid, need to be reviewed.

Coming to the end of this project, we need to repeat, once more, that:

Physics, from Galileo until today (Galileo, Classical Physics, the Theory of Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, etc) is on the “wrong path”, and the Laws of Physics as we know them do not express the reality of nature.  

Thus, contemporary Physics needs to be reviewed as a whole (from Galileo until today), and rebuilt upon “new foundations”, in accordance with the axiomatic foundation and the laws of E.G.T.

MY PROPHECY…

I am certain that the Physicists of the future will laugh (!!!) at today’s great Physicists, who either cannot or do not want to understand simple things, such as experiments (1), (18) and (19) out of a total of nineteen (19) plus experiments listed on www.tsolkas.gr.
Because the above three experiments prove, in a very simple way, that the Theory of Relativity is a totally false Theory of Physics.
Thus, the Theory of Relativity (as the greatest scientific fallacy in the history of Physics) must be rejected “here and now”, and cease to be taught in Universities, etc for the simple fact that it is a wholly false Theory of Physics. 
Subsequently, if the Theory of Relativity does not cease to be taught in Universities, etc, then we will be justified in describing the current state of contemporary Physics as comi-tragic!!!
That is my humble prophecy… and time will tell whether I’m right or wrong.

Copyright 2009: Christos A. Tsolkas                                                          August 12, 2009

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