THE “ZEUS” MACHINE
(PRODUCING ENERGY FROM A CONTROLLED FUSION OF ATOMIC NUCLEI)

Summary

In this project, we will look into the basics, the structure (description) and the operation of the “ZEUS” machine.
As we know, various machines for the production of energy from the controlled fusion of atomic nuclei have been tried for several years.
Until now, none of these efforts have achieved the desired result.
Conversely, by using the “ZEUS” machine (which we will analyse below), we have much higher odds of achieving the desired result:
In other words, to produce energy from the controlled fusion of atomic nuclei.
Let’s now look at the basics of the structure (description) and operation of the “ZEUS” machine.

THE “ZEUS” MACHINE

Ι. STRUCTURE (DESCRIPTION)
Let us assume, Fig. 1, that we have a solid metal sphere S with a centre C and a radius R.
The metal sphere S is usually made of a very hard metal alloy.

Fig. 1

From the metal sphere S we remove a cone C_o, whose angle φ of the apex C is relatively small, e.g. φ = 10^ο.
Also, the internal walls of cone C_o are very smooth.
The outside of sphere S is covered by a strong insulating material (electrically charged), whose thickness is s₁.
We place sphere S inside a container D_o, which is filled with water.
Sphere S stands at the bottom of container D_o with a base Β₁, which is also made from a strong insulating material (electrically charged).
Also, a tube T, with length L, connects the sphere S with a particle accelerator Α₁ (e.g. a synchrotron).
Between the sphere S and the tube T there is also a strong insulating material (electrically charged), which means there is no electrical contact between the sphere S and the tube T.
Finally, sphere S is electrically insulated from the entire device of the machine.
The sphere S is the reactor of the “ZEUS” machine. We remove the atmospheric air from the cone C_o, the tube T and the accelerator Α_1.
In addition, within the tube T and at a length l, there are electric fields Ε₁, Ε₂, Ε₃, … which, if properly calibrated, reduce the velocity υ₁ of the ions which issue from accelerator Α₁.
Note: The above reduction in the velocity υ₁ of the ions, which issue from the accelerator Α₁ is from value υ₁ to another, desired value υ₂ (υ₂<υ₁), which we consider necessary in order to achieve an efficient fusion of atomic nuclei.
Next, inside cone C_o and at the apex C, we place a small quantity of tritium (₁H³) in liquid or solid form, (or ₃Li⁶) .
Let us assume now that d is the diameter of the circular base of the cone of the tritium ₁H³ quantity (which we have placed inside cone C_o and at the apex C).
Then, we charge the metal sphere S with a (relatively medium) positive electric charge +Q.
The purpose of this positive electric charge +Q is to remove from the metal sphere S (and transfer to the Earth) all free electrons that exist within the metal sphere S.
Note: The (relatively medium) positive electric charge +Q (as above) is not fundamental in the design of the reactor of the “ZEUS” machine. This positive electric charge +Q could be Q = 0 or even –Q.
However, with a charge of Q+, the ions of deuterium ₁H² of beam b (as we will see below), remain ions within cone C_o, with a slightly reduced velocity, due to the electric field (of positive electrical charges) that exists within cone C_o.
Next, we insert a large number of ions (nuclei) of deuterium (₁H²) inside the accelerator Α₁ and accelerate them until they gain a high velocity υ₁.
We now assume that the beam b (of ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H², which issues from the accelerator Α₁ at a high velocity υ₁) is roughly cylindrical in shape, with a circular diameter cross-section D, (D > d).
Also, the density d_o of the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H², contained within beam b must (preferably) have the highest possible value d_o.
Finally, the axis xx΄ of the circular beam b of the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² passes from the apex C of cone C_o and the middle E of the exit of the accelerator Α₁.
What we discussed above is the basics of the structure (description) and design of the “ZEUS” machine.

ΙΙ. OPERATION

Simply put, the “ZEUS” machine operates as follows:

1. We insert inside the accelerator Α₁ a large number of ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² and accelerate them, until they acquire a high velocity υ₁.
   Note: At this stage, the electric fields Ε₁, Ε₂, Ε₃, … are inactive (out of operation) and we put them into operation only when it becomes necessary to lower velocity υ₁.
2. Next, in a very short time t_a (e.g. t_a = μsec or t_a = nsec), we allow the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² (which have gained a high velocity υ₁ inside the accelerator Α₁)to exit the accelerator Α₁
   Note: Time t_a, will henceforth be known as action time t_a.
3. Thus, from accelerator Α₁ issues a beam b of ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H², which have a high velocity υ₁ and a (relatively) high density d_o. 
   Also, beam b is roughly of cylindrical shape, with a circular diameter cross section D, (D > d).
4. As the above beam b enters cone C_o, it will meet the internal walls (of cone C_o) by a circular cross section with diameter ΑΒ, (ΑΒ = D).
   Specifically:
   a) The central part f_o of beam b, which has a circular cross section of diameter d΄ (d΄ = d) will travel “directly” to the cone of tritium ₁H³ (which is placed inside cone C_o and apex C).
   b) The remaining part f₁ of beam b (which is around the central part f_o), after successive reflections on the internal walls of the cone ABC, will also eventually reach the cone of tritium ₁H³.
   Therefore, both the central part f_o and the remaining part f₁ of beam b (of ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H²) will gather, at high velocity υ₁ within the cone of tritium ₁H³.
   Specifically, the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² of the central part f_o and the remaining part f₁ of beam b will gather in a very small area (space) ε_ο, (ε_ο → 0) around the apex C and the inside of cone C_o.
5. Thus, if the velocity of the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² of beam b has such a value as to overcome the potential barrier of nuclei of tritium ₁H³ (which is placed inside cone C_o and apex C), then, in the above very small area (space) ε_ο, (ε_ο → 0) we will certainly have:
   Fusion of the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² of beam b with the atomic nuclei of tritium ₁H³, which is placed inside cone C_o and apex C.
   Note: If, in order to achieve the above fusion, the velocity υ₁ of the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² of beam b needs to be υ₂, (υ₂ < υ₁), then there are two ways of achieving that.
   a) We can accelerate the ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H² inside the accelerator Α₁ until their acquire a velocity of υ₂, or
   b) With the help of electric fields Ε₁, Ε₂, Ε₃, … which exist within tube Τ, we can reduce the velocity of the ions (nuclei) of beam b from value υ₁ to value υ₂, (υ₂ < υ₁).
6. As we know, the above fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² of beam b and the atomic nuclei of tritium ₁H³, which is inside cone C_o gives out energy 17,59 MeV, according to the nuclear reaction:

7. This energy of 17,59 MeV heats up the metal sphere S and, subsequently, the water contained in the container D_o.
   We ultimately convert the heat of the water into electric power, in the exact same way that we apply to nuclear fission reactors (Uranium, Plutonium).

This concludes our brief description of how the “ZEUS” machine operates.

Control and constant operation of the machine

In the “ZEUS” machine, since the nuclear energy produced from the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³ needs to be continuous and constant in terms of the time unit t (i.e. the power P of the machine must be constant), this can be achieved in the following way:
From a “warehouse” of ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H², we constantly feed the accelerator Α₁ with these ions.
Next, at intervals, we direct beams b of ions (nuclei) of deuterium ₁H², accordingly and for a very short time t_a (action time t_a), towards the quantity of tritium ₁H³ (which is inside cone C_o and close to the apex C).
Thus, every time we direct a new beam b towards the quantity of tritium ₁H³, we will have a respective production of energy from the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³.
Therefore, in this way, we will have a controlled and constant production of energy at time unit t from the “ZEUS” machine.
Finally, by using the “ZEUS” machine, a nuclear energy production station could have one or more machines, either operating simultaneously or in a predefined order, i.e. when one machine ceases to operate, the next is set into operation.

Conclusion

In summary of all that we discussed in this project, we have established the following:
The most fundamental and most important part of the structure and operation of the “ZEUS” machine is the design of its reactor, namely the metal sphere S, Fig. 1.
The rationale of the reactor’s design is as follows:
Inside cone C_o (whose angle φ of the apex C is small) and close to the apex C, we place a small quantity of one of the two materials for fusion (e.g. tritium ₁H³).

Next, we “bombard” the motionless target of the quantity of tritium ₁H³ with a dense beam of ions, of high kinetic energy E, of the second material for fusion (deuterium ₁H²).
Based, therefore, on the design of the reactor of the “ZEUS” machine, the following will take place:
In a very small space ε_ο (ε_ο → 0, which is inside cone C_o and very close to the apex C) we will observe:
A great energy E will concentrate and be trapped in a very small space ε_ο (ε_ο → 0), resulting in the fusion of the atomic nuclei of tritium ₁H³ with the atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H², and thus producing nuclear energy from this fusion.
As we can see, the rationale of the reactor’s design plays a critical role in the efficient fusion of the atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³, using the “ZEUS” machine.

A notable observation

In addition, another way to achieve the fusion of the atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³, is the following:
We insert in the accelerator Α₁, roughly an equal quantity of ions of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³ and accelerate them until they acquire a very high velocity υ₁.
Next, and for a very short time t_a (action time t_a), we insert this beam b of the above ions of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³ into the cone C_o, inside which, and at the apex C, there is no quantity of tritium ₁H³, or ₃Li⁶ .
This way, a great energy (of the ions of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³ of beam b) will be concentrated and trapped in a very small space ε_ο (ε_ο → 0). Subsequently, this will certainly result in the fusion of the atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³ of beam b within space ε_ο (ε_ο → 0).
This way of achieving fusion (f the atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³ of beam b), as described above, will henceforth be known as adjoint method for fusion .
Conversely, the way we described above, Fig. 1 (where a quantity of tritium ₁H³ is placed inside cone C_o and at the apex C) will henceforth be known as non adjoint method for fusion.
Both ways, namely the non adjoint method for fusion and the adjoint method for fusion, are just as effective in achieving the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium ₁H² and tritium ₁H³, by using the “ZEUS” machine.
In addition, a third (and very interesting) way of achieving the fusion of atomic nuclei by using the “ZEUS” machine is the following:
We place a very small sphere A (the size of a pinhead, or smaller), containing deuterium and tritium, inside cone C_o and apex C, Fig. 1.
Then, for a very short time t_a (action time), we direct a beam b of high power Laser beams to the sphere A, through cone C_o.
In this case, within the space ε_ο (ε_ο → 0) the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium will certainly take place.
This way of achieving fusion will henceforth be known as fusion of atomic nuclei with Laser beams.

Finally, the three ways of achieving the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium, as described above, i.e.:

1. The non adjoint method for fusion
2. The adjoint method for fusion, and
3. Fusion with Laser beams

are the three basic ways of achieving the fusion of atomic nuclei of deuterium and tritium by using the “ZEUS” machine.
ΝΟTE: The adjoint method for fusion used in the “Zeus” Machine (other than the case of Deuterium – Tritium ions mentioned above) can be employed in the exact same way in the case of Hydrogen – Hydrogen ions.

Epilogue

Based on what we discussed in this project, we have given a basic description of the design of the “ZEUS” machine, i.e. its structure (description) and the way it operates.
The “ZEUS” machine has several advantages compared to the various other fusion machines that have been tried so far, and whose result was negative.
Given today’s technology, the structure and operation of the “ZEUS” machine could be turned into reality.
The “ZEUS” machine is also advantageous in terms of cost, compared to other fusion machines.
However, the experimental research and necessary improvements that could be made on the “ZEUS” machine, will (I believe) give us the desired result, namely to produce energy from the controlled fusion of atomic nuclei.
Regardless, however, of what we discussed in this project, time and experiments will show us whether we could, ultimately, achieve the desired result.
Let us hope, then, that one day the “ZEUS” machine will be tried out in practice, and that we will have the desired result, for the good of mankind and the protection of the environment.

Copyright 2010: Christos A. Tsolkas
tsolkas1@otenet.gr

Christos A. Tsolkas
Agrinio, December 21^st, 2010

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